Efforts to require Asian American history in schools after anti-Asian hate starting to pay off

When high school students in the West Hartford Public Schools district study World War II in the coming year, they will learn about more than just the typical hallmarks like Japanese American detention camps. They will also hear about Sadao Munemori, a soldier who died protecting comrades from a grenade. The 22-year-old posthumously became the first Japanese American awarded the Medal of Honor.

Lessons like this that delve beyond the expected have left teachers humbled, said Jessica Blitzer, the district鈥檚 social studies department supervisor who helped design curriculum for secondary grade levels.

鈥淚t’s one of those moments where you think 鈥楬ow have we not been doing that?’ These are moments where you realize this is really important, particularly given the population that we have in West Hartford, which is incredibly diverse in many ways,” Blitzer said.

Three years after Connecticut became the third state to require Asian American and Pacific Islander history in K-12 education, a developed curriculum is being put into motion. For now, instruction is being rolled out in every grade except fourth and fifth. Most of the district’s 9,300 students will have lessons integrated year-round. It will not be “the heritage month approach,鈥� Blitzer said.

Since pandemic-fueled anti-Asian hate surged in 2020, Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander advocates have mobilized to make AAPI history mandatory learning through legislation or state education boards. Today, , slavery and segregation, according to a 2024 survey. There have been some successes, with around a dozen states passing statutes requiring curriculum.

Beyond well-known events, classes are diving into topics like stereotypes of South Asians and Vietnamese refugees. But as efforts arise, so has disagreement among Asian Americans.

More progressive voices question the fairness and optics of seeking approval from lawmakers who have rejected history focused on other historically marginalized groups, such as expanded Black history curriculum that some critics more recently maligned as or likened to .

How teaching AAPI history finally came to the forefront

AAPI organizations devastated by reports of thousands of verbal and physical attacks, including the 2021 Atlanta spa shootings that left six Asian women dead, ramped up lobbying for more inclusive education. The hope was teaching about AAPI contributions would foster understanding. In July 2021, . In 2022, New Jersey and Connecticut followed.

An expanded look at history includes reading accounts of new immigrants in San Francisco and . It also includes studying living figures like Chinese American architect Maya Lin.

Jason Oliver Chang, director of the University of Connecticut Asian and Asian American Studies Institute, helped develop legislation and train teachers. He remembers how lawmakers were moved by student testimonials.

鈥淭hey were talking about their experiences sort of living two lives 鈥� one at school, one at home 鈥� feeling invisible and not feeling seen by their peers or respected by their peers,鈥� Chang said. 鈥淎ny time there鈥檚 a mention of someone that looks like them in a school curriculum, it’s that they鈥檙e the bad guys.鈥�

President Donald Trump has intensified scrutiny of how schools address race, threatening to withhold federal funds over diversity initiatives. The guidance has left some educators uncertain, despite some anti-DEI measures being or put on hold by federal judges. Concerned teachers should stick to the framework and consult with colleagues, advises Kate Dias, president of the Connecticut鈥檚 largest teachers鈥� union.

鈥淎lmost every person who teaches content of this nature does not do it in a way to say, 鈥楬ere鈥檚 all the injustices of the world,’ 鈥� Dias said. 鈥淭he the call to action is 鈥榊ou need to now look at this information and you need to decide what it means.鈥� 鈥�

Working with critics of race-conscious curriculum

Requiring AAPI history in schools has garnered bipartisan support. But in some conservative states, divisions have arisen over lawmakers who don’t see systemic racism and social justice as essential to history.

When Florida adopted AAPI history legislation in 2023, critics saw it as hypocritical given the state denied Advanced Placement African American studies for being 鈥渃ritical race theory.鈥�

In Arizona, failed legislation mandating AAPI and Native Hawaiian history lessons was initially endorsed by some past presidents of the Japanese American Citizens League. The Arizona chapter came out against it. Current JACL leaders also withheld their support.

Chapter leaders asserted the bill’s co-sponsor, state Republican Sen. John Kavanagh, and other supporters were only interested in rubber-stamping a sanitized history and ignoring African American and LGBTQ+ history.

Kavanagh equates talk of systemic racism with indoctrination. He previously supported barring college groups based on racial or ethnic identity and high school ethnic studies classes that seemed politicized.

He says teaching the history must be done in a 鈥渘eutral, thorough manner.鈥�

鈥淚 certainly have no problem teaching the history of Blacks or Hispanics or anybody,鈥� Kavanagh said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think there should be a course in a high school teaching students that this country is systemically racist when it鈥檚 not.鈥�

The Arizona chapter of Make Us Visible, a national organization trying to establish AAPI history in every state, has faced criticism for not calling out right-leaning legislators. Astria Wong, chapter director, dismissed it.

鈥淚t鈥檚 really a good thing that even a conservative senator will support it. That means there is some bones in it,” Wong said. 鈥淚t should be bipartisan anyway.鈥�

Amber Reed, co-executive director of AAPI New Jersey, finds it upsetting.

鈥淲hat teacher wants to suddenly start teaching Asian American history while sort of being discouraged from teaching African American history or Latinx history, the history of all of our communities,” Reed said.

A 鈥榙eeper, richer鈥� look at American history

Before next summer, West Hartford Public Schools will assess how to improve curricula.

The goal is not to teach just 鈥渄oom and gloom鈥� to the student body 鈥� of which white children make up about 55%, Hispanics 21% and Asians and Black students more than 10% each 鈥� but a balanced look at history, said assistant superintendent Anne McKernan.

鈥淭here鈥檚 resistance, there鈥檚 perseverance, there鈥檚 greatness,鈥� McKernan said. 鈥淎s I look through the changes in elementary and the changes in secondary, it鈥檚 a richer look.鈥�

Elementary grades are using books to learn culture, reading comprehension and vocabulary, said Erika Hanusch, district literacy and social studies curriculum specialist. For example, kindergartners are reading the picture book 鈥淒umpling Soup鈥� by Jama Kim Rattigan. Centered around a family in Hawaii, the characters come from different Asian backgrounds.

鈥淚t鈥檚 really more so embedded through story and lens,” Hanusch said. 鈥淎nd it鈥檚 giving teachers and students that natural opportunity to learn a little bit more about the where and the who and the traditions that come from those stories.鈥�

This story has been corrected to show that it was past presidents of the Japanese American Citizens League who supported Arizona AAPI history legislation, not the current JACL, which withheld support.

___ Tang reported from Phoenix.

草莓传媒