KYIV, Ukraine (AP) 鈥� When Russia , air-defense systems have only minutes 鈥� sometimes seconds 鈥� to detect and intercept the deadly threat.
The lack of time has left Kyiv and other cities increasingly exposed to devastating attacks by the missiles that come down so fast and so steeply that Ukraine says only can stop them. But Ukraine batteries and interceptors to protect itself.
Unlike cruise missiles, which behave like pilotless planes, ballistic missiles are launched like rockets and then dive steeply toward their targets at several times the speed of sound.
That sharply reduces the time available to find and destroy a warhead. The result has been repeated attacks like the latest that targeted a brewery, a warehouse and a mail-sorting office. At least 17 people were killed and dozens more wounded, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Wednesday.
When the warhead is hurled toward its target, 鈥渋t鈥檚 very, very steep and it鈥檚 going at a ridiculous speed,鈥� said Thomas Withington, an expert on electronic warfare at the Royal United Services Institute, who compared the physics to playing catch. If the ball is 鈥済oing really fast, it鈥檚 harder to catch.鈥�
Russia鈥檚 ground-launched Iskander-M missile is the Kremlin鈥檚 main ballistic missile. Another example is the air-launched Kinzhal missile. Russia has also fired S-300 and S-400 air-defense missiles at ground targets. A model known as the Zircon is technically a hypersonic anti-ship cruise missile, but its high speed resembles that of a ballistic missile and creates a similar interception problem.
Here’s a look at the challenge of shielding Ukraine from some of Russia’s deadliest projectiles.
Patriot system offers some protection
The most capable Patriot system supplied to Ukraine is designed for high-speed missile defense. Instead of exploding near a target, the PAC-3 system uses a maneuverable interceptor designed to collide with an incoming warhead. The Patriot technology must track the missile, predict its path and launch within minutes, sometimes leaving seconds for the final engagement.
Patriots are currently the only system in Ukrainian service able to intercept the Russian Iskander-M, S-400 and Zircon missiles, according to Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Yurii Ihnat. The United States and its allies operate other anti-ballistic systems, including THAAD and sea-based Aegis defenses, but they have not been provided to Ukraine.
Even Patriot protection is not guaranteed. When a Patriot battery is absent, out of position or short of missiles, most other Ukrainian defenses cannot substitute for it.
Ukraine has too few batteries to shield every city. Russia combines ballistic missiles with cruise missiles, drones and decoys, forcing defenders to track many threats and ration scarce interceptors.
Shortage of interceptors is only a part of a global problem
The interceptor shortage has become more acute as the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran has consumed large numbers of Patriot and THAAD interceptors. An analysis by The Associated Press estimated that the by at least 65% from its prewar level, while the Pentagon said it retained a deep arsenal.
Production cannot immediately close the gap. Lockheed Martin delivered more than 600 PAC-3 MSE interceptors in 2025 and is working toward annual capacity of 2,000 by the end of 2030. NATO says Europe鈥檚 first Patriot missile production facility is expected to open in September in Germany.
Political signals from Washington have also shifted. At a NATO summit last month in Turkey, President Donald Trump said the United States would give Ukraine a . About three weeks later, he said he had . Even with a license, officials and experts told AP that starting .
Ukraine aims at the archer instead of the arrow
Ukraine is also trying to destroy Russian missile launchers and infrastructure before missiles can be fired 鈥� shooting the archer instead of the arrow.
People familiar with the discussions told AP that Zelenskyy to help secure Elon Musk鈥檚 permission for Ukrainian forces to use Starlink communications for targeting inside Russia, where Musk has restricted the service.
Such access could help Ukrainian drones hunt launchers and related infrastructure, reducing the number of missiles Patriot batteries must face. The request had not been publicly confirmed by the White House, the Ukrainian Embassy or SpaceX.
Kyiv is also developing Freya, a proposed Ukrainian-led, lower-cost anti-ballistic system intended to reduce dependence on Patriots. to pursue a shared missile-defense capability, with Zelenskyy saying they could jointly develop a mass-produced system within 12 months. Freya remains under development, and it is unclear when it could become operational.
Following the most recent , Zelenskyy said Ukraine received only one-third as many air-defense missiles in the first half of 2026 as in the same period last year. He said Ukraine’s partners that are unwilling to increase interceptor deliveries immediately should instead impose new sanctions, noting that a significant share of Russia鈥檚 ballistic missile production has been untouched by sanctions.
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Associated Press Writer Danica Kirka in London contributed to this report.
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