Washington (CNN) 鈥� Something in the US economy isn鈥檛 adding up, and it鈥檚 rattling the people charged with wrangling inflation and keeping the labor market intact.
US companies have , hesitant to invest without knowing the full effects of President Donald Trump鈥檚 sweeping economic policies. The economy lost jobs in June and August, and the average pace of job gains for the three months ending in September was only around 62,000, according to the Labor Department.
Yet workers鈥� productivity, a key driver of economic output, remains high. And gross domestic product, which captures all the goods and services produced in the economy, has stayed robust.
That dichotomy of an expanding economy and a softening labor market presents a conundrum for policymakers at the Federal Reserve, to determine whether the economy needs cooling or boosting.
鈥淭he divergence between solid economic growth and weak job creation created a particularly challenging environment for policy decisions,鈥� Fed officials noted in their October meeting, according to minutes released Thursday.
A growing economy, boosted by resilient consumers and massive investments in AI, should be spurring hiring, especially now that the Fed has started lowering borrowing costs. But that hasn鈥檛 happened, and there are fears it won鈥檛.
鈥淲hen it comes to monetary policy, the narrative next year is going to be about how to handle a jobless expansion,鈥� Ryan Sweet, chief US economist at Oxford Economics, told CNN. 鈥淗ow do you try to get businesses to hire more?鈥�
Why GDP has been strong but not job growth
The recent string of in the stock market suggests that many American businesses are optimistic about the value of AI. However, that confidence has so far not translated into an expansion of their workforce.
Business spending on information processing equipment and software accounted for 4.4% of GDP in the second quarter, according to Commerce Department data, slightly below a peak reached in 2000 when businesses ramped up similar investments during the dot-com boom. Solid consumer spending this year has also kept company profits afloat.
鈥淔irms are investing a lot in this new technology, but sometimes that means reducing other expenditures, such as hiring,鈥� said Eugenio Alem谩n, chief economist at Raymond James. He added that strong AI investment likely persisted in the third quarter and should peak sometime next year.
The government shutdown likely dented GDP in the current quarter that stretches from October through December, but the US economy is widely expected to recoup most of those losses early next year.
Meanwhile, the US labor market has been stymied by Trump鈥檚 significant policy changes since the beginning of the year.
鈥淚t鈥檚 been a challenging year for employment precisely because of the changes in trade and immigration policy affecting both labor supply and demand,鈥� said James Ragan, director of wealth management research at DA Davidson.
It鈥檚 unclear whether rate cuts can eventually counteract the corrosive effects of major policy changes that have stoked uncertainty to bolster hiring, economists say.
鈥淔ortunately, we鈥檙e not seeing a lot of layoffs, because that鈥檚 how you turn a jobless expansion into a recession,鈥� Sweet said. 鈥淭he economy can grow without creating a lot of jobs, but productivity growth has to be decent.鈥�
Fed officials are expected to deliver a few more rate cuts through 2026, according to their latest economic projections from September.
The problem with a jobless expansion
A jobless expansion could quickly translate into a recession.
鈥淵ou鈥檙e very vulnerable to anything that goes wrong,鈥� Sweet said. 鈥淭he labor market is your line of defense, and if that starts to fray, then it鈥檚 game over.鈥�
It also raises the risk the Fed commits a policy mistake.
In a speech last month, Fed Governor Christopher Waller described the divergence between GDP and job growth as a 鈥渃onflict鈥� that should work itself out 鈥� for better or worse.
鈥淪omething鈥檚 gotta give 鈥� either economic growth softens to match a soft labor market, or the labor market rebounds to match stronger economic growth,鈥� he said.
And if job growth remains inconsistent with GDP, that puts the US economy in a precarious position.
Persistently strong economic growth also makes Fed officials less confident that they should be lowering interest rates, and there鈥檚 already plenty of hesitance to continue with rate cuts within the central bank鈥檚 rate-setting committee.
鈥淲ith two rate cuts now in place, I鈥檇 find it difficult to cut rates again in December unless there is clear evidence that inflation will fall faster than expected or that the labor market will cool more rapidly,鈥� Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan said Friday at an event in Zurich, adding that there are signs that 鈥減olicy most likely isn鈥檛 very restrictive.鈥�
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